【好展會(huì)網(wǎng)  現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)專題】 <p align="center" style="text-align: center"><b><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt">一、發(fā)展生態(tài)農(nóng)業(yè)的意義</span></b><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt"> </span> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt"><b>&nbsp;&nbsp; (</b></span><b><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt">一<span>) </span>為建設(shè)具有中國(guó)特色的現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)找到一條根本途徑</span></b><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt"> </span> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt">生態(tài)農(nóng)業(yè)吸取我國(guó)傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)業(yè)的精華和國(guó)外農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展的經(jīng)驗(yàn)教訓(xùn)<span>, </span>從我國(guó)國(guó)情出發(fā)遵照生態(tài)學(xué)的原理和應(yīng)用現(xiàn)代科學(xué)技術(shù)方法進(jìn)行農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)<span>, </span>大大提高了農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)水平和可持續(xù)發(fā)展的能力<span>, </span>有力地促進(jìn)了農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略的轉(zhuǎn)移和加速農(nóng)業(yè)現(xiàn)代化的進(jìn)程。<span><br /> &nbsp; </span></span></p> <p><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt"><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt"><b>&nbsp;&nbsp; (</b></span><b><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt">二<span>) </span>有利于農(nóng)業(yè)資源的開(kāi)發(fā)利用和保護(hù)<span>, </span>減少對(duì)生態(tài)環(huán)境的污染</span></b><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt"> </span></span> <p><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 發(fā)展生態(tài)農(nóng)業(yè)<span>, </span>可以避免對(duì)自然資源掠奪式經(jīng)營(yíng)和濫用<span>,</span>對(duì)農(nóng)業(yè)的可更新資源注意增殖<span>, </span>對(duì)不更新資源注意保護(hù)和利<span><br /> </span>用<span>, </span>使自然資源能得到持續(xù)的利用<span>, </span>促進(jìn)生態(tài)良性循環(huán)<span>, </span>為農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展創(chuàng)造良好的生態(tài)環(huán)境。<span> </span></span> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt"><b>&nbsp;&nbsp; (</b></span><b><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt">三<span>) </span>有利于提高農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的綜合效益<span>, </span>促進(jìn)農(nóng)業(yè)長(zhǎng)期穩(wěn)定地發(fā)展</span></b><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt"> </span> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 生態(tài)農(nóng)業(yè)能大大提高勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率、土地利用率、土地生產(chǎn)率和資源利用率<span>, </span>從而大大提高經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。生態(tài)農(nóng)業(yè)能充分合理地利用、保護(hù)和增殖自然資源<span>, </span>加速物質(zhì)循環(huán)和能量轉(zhuǎn)化<span>,</span>有顯著的生態(tài)效益。它又能為社會(huì)創(chuàng)造數(shù)量多、質(zhì)量好的多種多樣的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品<span>, </span>滿足人們對(duì)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品不斷增長(zhǎng)的需求。因此生態(tài)農(nóng)業(yè)的發(fā)展<span>, </span>必將促進(jìn)整個(gè)國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)的全面發(fā)展。<span><br /> &nbsp; </span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align: center"><b><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt">二、發(fā)展生態(tài)農(nóng)業(yè)遵循的基本原則</span></b><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt"> <p><br /><br />　　&nbsp; (<span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt">一<span>) </span>全面規(guī)劃、總體協(xié)調(diào)原則<span><br /><br />　　&nbsp; </span>生態(tài)農(nóng)業(yè)不論規(guī)模大小<span>, </span>對(duì)山、地、水、林、村、路都應(yīng)實(shí)現(xiàn)規(guī)劃<span>, </span>作好總體布局<span>, </span>合理安排、協(xié)調(diào)農(nóng)業(yè)內(nèi)外各部門之間的關(guān)系<span>, </span>以期獲得<span>&ldquo;</span>三個(gè)效益<span>&rdquo;</span>的同時(shí)增長(zhǎng)。<span><br /><br />　　&nbsp; </span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt"><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt">(</span><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt">二<span>) </span>合理利用、增殖資源原則<span><br /><br />　　&nbsp; </span>對(duì)可更新資源必須合理利用和增殖。對(duì)不可更新資源要注意利用和保護(hù)<span>, </span>以利資源永續(xù)。<span><br /><br />　　</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt"><span>&nbsp; </span></span><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp; (</span><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt">三<span>) </span>多業(yè)結(jié)合、集約經(jīng)營(yíng)原則<span><br /><br />　　&nbsp; </span>生態(tài)農(nóng)業(yè)必須是多業(yè)結(jié)合<span>, </span>包括農(nóng)業(yè)內(nèi)部的橫向聯(lián)系和農(nóng)業(yè)外部的縱向聯(lián)系。實(shí)行集約經(jīng)營(yíng)<span>, </span>揚(yáng)長(zhǎng)避短<span>, </span>發(fā)揮優(yōu)勢(shì)。<span><br /> &nbsp; </span></span> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp; &nbsp; (</span><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt">四<span>) </span>物質(zhì)循環(huán)、多級(jí)利用原則<span><br /><br />　　&nbsp; </span>所有農(nóng)業(yè)有機(jī)物質(zhì)<span>, </span>包括<span>&ldquo;</span>廢物<span>&rdquo;(</span>指死體、殘?bào)w、排泄物<span>)</span>都實(shí)行多次利用、多級(jí)利用、循環(huán)利用和深度加工等。<span><br /> &nbsp; </span></span> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;(</span><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt">五<span>) </span>保護(hù)環(huán)境、改善生態(tài)環(huán)境原則<span><br /><br />　　&nbsp; </span>發(fā)展生態(tài)農(nóng)業(yè)必須與涵養(yǎng)水土、防止污染、保護(hù)資源、改善生態(tài)聯(lián)系起來(lái)。<span><br /> &nbsp; </span></span></p> <p align="left" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (</span><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt">六<span>) </span>正確運(yùn)用調(diào)控原則<span><br /><br />　　&nbsp; </span>充分利用自然調(diào)控<span>, </span>結(jié)合人工調(diào)控<span>, </span>使自然生態(tài)盡快恢復(fù)生機(jī)<span>, </span>包括綠化環(huán)境<span>, </span>保護(hù)資源<span>, </span>保持水土、培肥土壤<span>, </span>防除災(zāi)害等。<span><br /> &nbsp; </span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align: center"><b><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt">三、生態(tài)農(nóng)業(yè)建設(shè)的基本程序</span></b><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt"> </span> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt"><br /><br />　　</span><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt">可歸納為以下幾個(gè)步驟<span><img src="http://bbs.haozhanhui.com/editor/images/smilies/default/5.gif" />br /> &nbsp; </span></span></p> <p align="left" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt">第一<span>, </span>調(diào)查收集各種本底資料包括自然條件、資源現(xiàn)狀、生態(tài)環(huán)境現(xiàn)狀、社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)條件、市場(chǎng)、交通、人文和農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)歷史資料和現(xiàn)狀等<span>;<br /> &nbsp; </span></span></p> <p align="left" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt">第二<span>, </span>分析整理收集基礎(chǔ)資料<span>, </span>找出影響農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)和社會(huì)發(fā)展的重要限制因子及發(fā)展生產(chǎn)的有利條件和優(yōu)勢(shì)<span>, </span>總結(jié)社會(huì)發(fā)展和生產(chǎn)實(shí)踐的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和教訓(xùn)<span>;<br /> &nbsp; </span></span></p> <p align="left" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt">第三<span>, </span>確定生態(tài)農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展的主要類型、模式和生態(tài)農(nóng)業(yè)建設(shè)的主要目標(biāo)、任務(wù)和重點(diǎn)解決的問(wèn)題<span>;<br /> &nbsp; </span></span></p> <p align="left" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt">第四<span>, </span>制定生態(tài)農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展規(guī)劃和社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展規(guī)劃<span>, </span>進(jìn)行效益預(yù)測(cè)和規(guī)劃可行性分析<span>;<br /> &nbsp; </span></span></p> <p align="left" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt">第五<span>, </span>制定具體規(guī)劃和實(shí)施計(jì)劃<span>, </span>并進(jìn)行具體項(xiàng)目設(shè)計(jì)<span>;<br /> &nbsp; </span></span></p> <p align="left" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt">第六<span>, </span>宣傳、動(dòng)員和組織農(nóng)民群眾<span>, </span>調(diào)動(dòng)廣大農(nóng)民的積極性<span>, </span>參加生態(tài)村的建設(shè)。<span><br /> &nbsp; </span></span> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p align="center" style="text-align: center"><b><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt">四、生態(tài)農(nóng)業(yè)的類型</span></b><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt"> </span></p> <p align="left" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt"><br /><br />　　&nbsp; </span><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt">按生態(tài)農(nóng)業(yè)的規(guī)模大小可分為生態(tài)縣<span>(</span>市<span>)</span>、生態(tài)鄉(xiāng)<span>(</span>鎮(zhèn)<span>)</span>、生態(tài)村、生態(tài)戶<span>; </span>按自然地理?xiàng)l件可分為山區(qū)丘陵型、平原型、沿海型<span>; </span>按農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng)部門可分為生態(tài)農(nóng)業(yè)、生態(tài)林業(yè)、生態(tài)牧業(yè)、生態(tài)漁業(yè)等。但不管生態(tài)農(nóng)業(yè)的規(guī)模如何<span>, </span>他們都是一個(gè)農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)<span>, </span>并且是一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)和功能都優(yōu)化的生態(tài)農(nóng)業(yè)系統(tǒng)。<span> </span></span></p> <span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt"> <p align="left" style="text-align: left"><br /><br />　　&nbsp; <b>(</b><b><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt">一<span>) </span>生物主體共生的生態(tài)農(nóng)業(yè)系統(tǒng)</span></b><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p align="left" style="text-align: left"><br /><br />　　&nbsp; 1.<span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt">立體種植模型<span>&mdash; &mdash;</span>根據(jù)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中栽培作物的種類和空間組合可分為若干模式<span><img src="http://bbs.haozhanhui.com/editor/images/smilies/default/5.gif" />br /><br />　　&nbsp; (1) </span>農(nóng)作物的間作、套作和輪作模式<span>;<br /><br />　　&nbsp; (2) </span>林、糧間作的立體種植模式<span>;<br /><br />　　&nbsp; (3) </span>林、藥間作模式<span>;&nbsp;<br /><br />　　&nbsp; </span></span><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;(4) </span><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt">庭院立體種植模式。<span><br /><br />　　</span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p align="left" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt"><span>&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;2. </span><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt">立體養(yǎng)殖型<span>&mdash;&mdash; </span>指在一特定空間內(nèi)的養(yǎng)殖動(dòng)物的層次配置或一定時(shí)間內(nèi)的生產(chǎn)有機(jī)配合。如<span><img src="http://bbs.haozhanhui.com/editor/images/smilies/default/5.gif" />br /><br />　　&nbsp; (1) </span>陸地立體圈養(yǎng)模式<span>;<br /><br />　　&nbsp; (2) </span>水體立體養(yǎng)殖模式<span>;<br /><br />　　&nbsp; (3) </span>時(shí)間立體養(yǎng)殖模式。<span><br /> &nbsp; </span></span></p> <p align="left" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 3. </span><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt">立體種養(yǎng)類型<span>&mdash; &mdash;</span>指在一定空間內(nèi)栽培植物和養(yǎng)殖動(dòng)物按一定方式配置的生產(chǎn)結(jié)構(gòu)。如<span><img src="http://bbs.haozhanhui.com/editor/images/smilies/default/5.gif" />b><br /> </b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <b>(</b>1) </span>稻<span>&mdash;</span>萍<span>&mdash;</span>魚(yú)<span>;<b><br /> </b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <b>(</b>2) </span>稻<span>&mdash;</span>鴨<span>&mdash;</span>魚(yú)<span>;<br /><br />　　&nbsp; (3) </span>林<span>&mdash;</span>鴨<span>&mdash;</span>魚(yú)<span>;<br /><br />　　&nbsp; (4) </span>林<span>&mdash;</span>畜<span>&mdash;</span>蚯蚓<span>;<br /><br />　　&nbsp; (5) </span>葦<span>&mdash;</span>禽<span>&mdash;</span>魚(yú)等。<span><br /> &nbsp; </span></span></p> <p align="left" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <b>(</b></span><b><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt">二<span>) </span>物質(zhì)循環(huán)利用的生態(tài)農(nóng)業(yè)系統(tǒng)</span></b><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt"> </span> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt"><br /><br />　　&nbsp; 1.</span><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt">種植業(yè)內(nèi)部物質(zhì)循環(huán)利用類型<span>: </span>該類型主要指在林業(yè)、作物及食用菌等生產(chǎn)體系中的物質(zhì)多級(jí)循環(huán)利用。主要模式有<span><img src="http://bbs.haozhanhui.com/editor/images/smilies/default/5.gif" />br /><br />　　&nbsp; (1) </span>作物<span>&mdash;</span>食用菌循環(huán)模式<span>;<br /><br />　　&nbsp; (2) </span>林木<span>&mdash;</span>食用菌循環(huán)模式。<span><br /> &nbsp; </span></span></p> <p align="left" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 2.</span><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt">養(yǎng)殖業(yè)內(nèi)部物質(zhì)循環(huán)利用類型<span>: </span>這種類型主要是利用家禽生產(chǎn)中的糞便等廢棄物<span>, </span>作為畜牧生產(chǎn)中的飼料<span>, </span>而畜牧生產(chǎn)的廢棄物再作為某些特種培養(yǎng)動(dòng)物的營(yíng)養(yǎng)材料<span>, </span>這種特種培養(yǎng)動(dòng)物可直接用于家禽的高級(jí)蛋白飼料。如<span>:<br /><br />　　&nbsp; (1) </span>豬<span>&mdash;</span>蛆<span>&mdash;</span>雞循環(huán)模式<span>;<br /><br />　　&nbsp; (2) </span>豬<span>&mdash;</span>蚯蚓<span>&mdash;</span>雞循環(huán)模式。<span><br /> &nbsp; </span></span></p> <p align="left" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 3.</span><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt">種養(yǎng)結(jié)合的物質(zhì)循環(huán)利用類型<span>: </span>該類型根據(jù)種植作物或養(yǎng)殖動(dòng)物的種類<span>, </span>營(yíng)養(yǎng)級(jí)數(shù)可劃分若干模式。如<span>:<br /><br />　　&nbsp; (1) </span>禽<span>&mdash;</span>魚(yú)<span>&mdash;</span>作物循環(huán)模式<span>;<br /><br />　　&nbsp; (2) </span>畜<span>&mdash;</span>魚(yú)<span>&mdash;</span>作物循環(huán)模式<span>;<br /><br />　　&nbsp; (3) </span>禽<span>&mdash;</span>畜<span>&mdash;</span>魚(yú)<span>&mdash;</span>作物循環(huán)模式<span>;<br /><br />　　&nbsp; (4) </span>禽<span>&mdash;</span>畜<span>&mdash;</span>魚(yú)<span>&mdash;</span>食用菌循環(huán)模式。<span><br /> &nbsp; </span></span></p> <p align="left" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 4.</span><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt">種、養(yǎng)、加三結(jié)合的物質(zhì)循環(huán)利用類型<span>:<br /><br />　　&nbsp; (1) </span>以種養(yǎng)為主<span>, </span>發(fā)展加工業(yè)的模式<span>;<br /><br />　　&nbsp; (2) </span>以加工業(yè)為主<span>, </span>發(fā)展種、養(yǎng)業(yè)的模式。<span><br /><br />　　</span></span></p> <p align="left" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 5.</span><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt">種、養(yǎng)、沼三結(jié)合的物質(zhì)循環(huán)利用類型<span>: </span>其模式可借鑒唐山市豐南區(qū)胥各莊七街及北京留民營(yíng)生態(tài)戶式種、養(yǎng)、沼三結(jié)合模式。<span><br /> &nbsp; </span></span></p> <p align="left" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 6.</span><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt">種、養(yǎng)、加、沼四結(jié)合的物質(zhì)循環(huán)利用類型。<span><br /> &nbsp; </span></span></p> <p align="left" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <b>(</b></span><b><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt">三<span>) </span>生物相克避害的生態(tài)農(nóng)業(yè)系統(tǒng)</span></b><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt"><br /> &nbsp; </span></p> <p align="left" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1.</span><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt">以蟲(chóng)治蟲(chóng)的農(nóng)業(yè)類型。<span><br /><br />　　&nbsp; 2.</span>以禽鳥(niǎo)治蟲(chóng)的生態(tài)農(nóng)業(yè)類型<span>, </span>其模式如<span>: (1) </span>棉田養(yǎng)雞模式<span>; (2) </span>稻田養(yǎng)鴨模式。<span><br /><br />　　&nbsp; 3.</span>以草治草、治蟲(chóng)的生態(tài)農(nóng)業(yè)類型。<span><br /><br />　　&nbsp; 4.</span>以菌治蟲(chóng)的生態(tài)農(nóng)業(yè)類型。<span> </span></span></p> </p> <p><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt"><br /><br />　　&nbsp; 1.</span><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt">種植業(yè)內(nèi)部物質(zhì)循環(huán)利用類型<span>: </span>該類型主要指在林業(yè)、作物及食用菌等生產(chǎn)體系中的物質(zhì)多級(jí)循環(huán)利用。主要模式有<span>:<br /><br />　　&nbsp; (1) </span>作物<span>&mdash;</span>食用菌循環(huán)模式<span>;<br /><br />　　&nbsp; (2) </span>林木<span>&mdash;</span>食用菌循環(huán)模式。<span><br /> &nbsp; </span></span></p> </span><b><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt">一<span>) </span>生物主體共生的生態(tài)農(nóng)業(yè)系統(tǒng)</span></b><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt"><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt"> </span><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt">立體種植模型<span>&mdash; &mdash;</span>根據(jù)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中栽培作物的種類和空間組合可分為若干模式<span>:<br /><br />　　&nbsp; (1) </span>農(nóng)作物的間作、套作和輪作模式<span>;<br /><br />　　&nbsp; (2) </span>林、糧間作的立體種植模式<span>;<br /><br />　　&nbsp; (3) </span>林、藥間作模式<span>;&nbsp;<br /><br />　　&nbsp; </span></span><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;(4) </span><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt">庭院立體種植模式。<span><br /><br />　　&nbsp;</span></span> </span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> </p> <p><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt"><br /><br />　　</span><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt">可歸納為以下幾個(gè)步驟<span>:<br /> &nbsp; </span></span></p> </p> <p><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;(</span><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt">五<span>) </span>保護(hù)環(huán)境、改善生態(tài)環(huán)境原則<span><br /><br />　　&nbsp; </span>發(fā)展生態(tài)農(nóng)業(yè)必須與涵養(yǎng)水土、防止污染、保護(hù)資源、改善生態(tài)聯(lián)系起來(lái)。<span><br /> &nbsp; </span></span></p> </p> <p><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp; &nbsp; (</span><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt">四<span>) </span>物質(zhì)循環(huán)、多級(jí)利用原則<span><br /><br />　　&nbsp; </span>所有農(nóng)業(yè)有機(jī)物質(zhì)<span>, </span>包括<span>&ldquo;</span>廢物<span>&rdquo;(</span>指死體、殘?bào)w、排泄物<span>)</span>都實(shí)行多次利用、多級(jí)利用、循環(huán)利用和深度加工等。<span><br /> &nbsp; </span></span> <p>&nbsp;</p> </p> <p><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;(</span><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt">五<span>) </span>保護(hù)環(huán)境、改善生態(tài)環(huán)境原則<span><br /><br />　　&nbsp; </span>發(fā)展生態(tài)農(nóng)業(yè)必須與涵養(yǎng)水土、防止污染、保護(hù)資源、改善生態(tài)聯(lián)系起來(lái)。<span><br /> &nbsp; </span></span></p> </span><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt">一<span>) </span>全面規(guī)劃、總體協(xié)調(diào)原則<span><br /><br />　　&nbsp; </span>生態(tài)農(nóng)業(yè)不論規(guī)模大小<span>, </span>對(duì)山、地、水、林、村、路都應(yīng)實(shí)現(xiàn)規(guī)劃<span>, </span>作好總體布局<span>, </span>合理安排、協(xié)調(diào)農(nóng)業(yè)內(nèi)外各部門之間的關(guān)系<span>, </span>以期獲得<span>&ldquo;</span>三個(gè)效益<span>&rdquo;</span>的同時(shí)增長(zhǎng)。<span><br /><br />　　&nbsp; </span></span></p> <p><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 生態(tài)農(nóng)業(yè)能大大提高勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率、土地利用率、土地生產(chǎn)率和資源利用率<span>, </span>從而大大提高經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。生態(tài)農(nóng)業(yè)能充分合理地利用、保護(hù)和增殖自然資源<span>, </span>加速物質(zhì)循環(huán)和能量轉(zhuǎn)化<span>,</span>有顯著的生態(tài)效益。它又能為社會(huì)創(chuàng)造數(shù)量多、質(zhì)量好的多種多樣的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品<span>, </span>滿足人們對(duì)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品不斷增長(zhǎng)的需求。因此生態(tài)農(nóng)業(yè)的發(fā)展<span>, </span>必將促進(jìn)整個(gè)國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)的全面發(fā)展。<span><br /> &nbsp; </span></span></p> </p> <p><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt"><b>&nbsp;&nbsp; (</b></span><b><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt">三<span>) </span>有利于提高農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的綜合效益<span>, </span>促進(jìn)農(nóng)業(yè)長(zhǎng)期穩(wěn)定地發(fā)展</span></b><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt"> </span> <p>&nbsp;</p> </p> <p><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 生態(tài)農(nóng)業(yè)能大大提高勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率、土地利用率、土地生產(chǎn)率和資源利用率<span>, </span>從而大大提高經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。生態(tài)農(nóng)業(yè)能充分合理地利用、保護(hù)和增殖自然資源<span>, </span>加速物質(zhì)循環(huán)和能量轉(zhuǎn)化<span>,</span>有顯著的生態(tài)效益。它又能為社會(huì)創(chuàng)造數(shù)量多、質(zhì)量好的多種多樣的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品<span>, </span>滿足人們對(duì)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品不斷增長(zhǎng)的需求。因此生態(tài)農(nóng)業(yè)的發(fā)展<span>, </span>必將促進(jìn)整個(gè)國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)的全面發(fā)展。<span><br /> &nbsp; </span></span></p> </p> <p><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 發(fā)展生態(tài)農(nóng)業(yè)<span>, </span>可以避免對(duì)自然資源掠奪式經(jīng)營(yíng)和濫用<span>,</span>對(duì)農(nóng)業(yè)的可更新資源注意增殖<span>, </span>對(duì)不更新資源注意保護(hù)和利<span><br /> </span>用<span>, </span>使自然資源能得到持續(xù)的利用<span>, </span>促進(jìn)生態(tài)良性循環(huán)<span>, </span>為農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展創(chuàng)造良好的生態(tài)環(huán)境。<span> </span></span> <p>&nbsp;</p> </p> <p><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt"><b>&nbsp;&nbsp; (</b></span><b><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt">三<span>) </span>有利于提高農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的綜合效益<span>, </span>促進(jìn)農(nóng)業(yè)長(zhǎng)期穩(wěn)定地發(fā)展</span></b><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt"> </span> <p>&nbsp;</p> </p> <p><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 生態(tài)農(nóng)業(yè)能大大提高勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率、土地利用率、土地生產(chǎn)率和資源利用率<span>, </span>從而大大提高經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。生態(tài)農(nóng)業(yè)能充分合理地利用、保護(hù)和增殖自然資源<span>, </span>加速物質(zhì)循環(huán)和能量轉(zhuǎn)化<span>,</span>有顯著的生態(tài)效益。它又能為社會(huì)創(chuàng)造數(shù)量多、質(zhì)量好的多種多樣的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品<span>, </span>滿足人們對(duì)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品不斷增長(zhǎng)的需求。因此生態(tài)農(nóng)業(yè)的發(fā)展<span>, </span>必將促進(jìn)整個(gè)國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)的全面發(fā)展。<span><br /> &nbsp; </span></span></p> </p> <p><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt">生態(tài)農(nóng)業(yè)吸取我國(guó)傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)業(yè)的精華和國(guó)外農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展的經(jīng)驗(yàn)教訓(xùn)<span>, </span>從我國(guó)國(guó)情出發(fā)遵照生態(tài)學(xué)的原理和應(yīng)用現(xiàn)代科學(xué)技術(shù)方法進(jìn)行農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)<span>, </span>大大提高了農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)水平和可持續(xù)發(fā)展的能力<span>, </span>有力地促進(jìn)了農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略的轉(zhuǎn)移和加速農(nóng)業(yè)現(xiàn)代化的進(jìn)程。<span><br /> &nbsp; </span></span></p> </p> <p><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt"><b>&nbsp;&nbsp; (</b></span><b><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt">一<span>) </span>為建設(shè)具有中國(guó)特色的現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)找到一條根本途徑</span></b><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt"> </span> <p>&nbsp;</p> </p> <p><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: 宋體; color: black; font-size: 10pt">生態(tài)農(nóng)業(yè)吸取我國(guó)傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)業(yè)的精華和國(guó)外農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展的經(jīng)驗(yàn)教訓(xùn)<span>, </span>從我國(guó)國(guó)情出發(fā)遵照生態(tài)學(xué)的原理和應(yīng)用現(xiàn)代科學(xué)技術(shù)方法進(jìn)行農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)<span>, </span>大大提高了農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)水平和可持續(xù)發(fā)展的能力<span>, </span>有力地促進(jìn)了農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略的轉(zhuǎn)移和加速農(nóng)業(yè)現(xiàn)代化的進(jìn)程。<span><br /> &nbsp; </span></span></p>
(好展會(huì)網(wǎng)  現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)專題  )